家庭牧场不同经营管理模式对呼伦贝尔草甸草原植被特征的影响(英文)

Influences of Family Ranches Management Mode on Plant Community Characteristic in Hulunber Meadow Steppe

[目的]探讨草甸草原家庭牧场最适的经营管理模式。[方法]在呼伦贝尔陈巴尔虎旗草甸草原区采用调查牧户和查阅资料的方式,确立了具有代表性的3对典型家庭牧场进行研究,其中选取3户家庭牧场作为实验户,条件相近的3户家庭牧场作为对照户。在家庭牧场实验户的管理实践中通过降低家庭牧场的载畜率、优化畜群结构及采取冬季舍饲等手段,探讨不同管理模式对家庭牧场草甸草原植被特征的影响。[结果]实验户和对照户季节动态呈现为单峰型曲线,家庭牧场经过优化管理后对退化草地的植被高度、盖度和地上生物量等生产性能有着很大的提高和改善;围栏封育提高了草地的覆盖度、植被高度、密度和牧草产量;建群种羊草在群落中仍占有显著的优势地位,优化管理后的实验户羊草重要值高于对照户,寸草苔的重要值对照户显著高于实验户;优化管理后的实验户表现出了较高的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数[结论]以家庭牧场为生产单元的牧区草地畜牧业实现可持续管理发展提供了理论依据。

[Objective] The aim was to explore the management mode on optimal re-sources al ocation of family ranch in meadow steppe. [Method] Three double repre-sentative family ranches were selected in meadow steppe of Hulunber Old Barag Banner, and the study was carried out with the baseline survey. Three family ranches were selected as the demonstrative households for the corporation study, while other three family ranches with the similar conditions were looked as the non-demonstrative households for the comparison. Demonstrative households of the fami-ly ranches reduced the stocking rate, optimized the flock structure and took a winter feeding and other means to explore the different management models on plant com-munity characteristic of family ranch. [Result] The seasonal dynamic of community characteristic in family ranches showed the single-peaks curves. The seasonal dy-namics of community coverage, height and biomass in the demonstrative households showed higher compared with the non-demonstrative households, and community density in the experiment households was lower than that of the control experiment households. Community coverage, height and biomass of degraded grassland in family ranch have a great improve after optimization of management. Community coverage, height , density and biomass were increasing in fencing plot, but decreas-ing in free grazing area. Enclosure improved grassland coverage, vegetation height, density and forage yield. Leymus chinensis played an important role in plant com-munity. The important values of Leymus chinensis, Stipa baicalensis, Cleistogenes squarrosa, and Carex duriuscula were high. Leymus chinensis important value in the demonstrative households of optimal management was higher than that in the non-demonstrative households, and Carex duriuscula important value of the non-demon-strative households was significantly higher than that of the demonstrative house-holds. The indexes of Margalef richnes,Shannon-Wiener diversity, Simpson diversity and Pielou uniformity showed that the demonstrative households were higher than the non-demonstrative households. [Conclusion] The research provides theoretical ref-erences for sustainable development of pastures dominated by family ranch.