文人游幕与清初戏曲——兼论万树词人与戏曲家身份

Literati Shogunate and Operas in the Early Qing Dynasty——Speaking from the Opera House of Trees

清代戏曲的发展与文人游幕密切相关。伴随游幕文人的踪迹,昆曲从江南传播到全国各地。由于特殊的时代政治原因,易代之初,昆曲在岭南迅速恢复并蓬勃发展。在昆曲从江南到岭南的传承绵延中,游幕文人万树起到了重要作用。因幕府娱乐文化之需,万树开始尝试谱曲;因游幕生存之需,他倾力谱写戏曲传奇。总督府所提供的丰厚的资金支持则为创作戏曲提供了必要前提。吴棠桢、吕黍字、来集之、金烺、宋俊等大批江南文士追随吴兴祚的宦迹从无锡到福建,到广东,受万树影响,这些总督府的幕客皆染指于谱曲,形成了一个继承吴炳粲花衣钵的戏曲流派,不仅促进了岭南曲坛的空前繁荣,而且直接导致了岭南剧曲——粤剧的诞生。

The development of traditional opera in the Qing Dynasty is closely related with Youmu literatus. With the trail of Youmu scholars, Kunqu Opera spread from the Jiangnan to all parts of the country. Because of the special times and political reasons, at the beginning of the generation, Kunqu Opera survived rapidly and developed vigorously in the south of the Five Ridges.Youmu literatus played an important role in the development of the Kunqu Opera from the Jiangnan region to the south of the Five Ridges. To meet the needs of entertainment and culture of mu-fu, Wanshu tried to compose. In the needs for life, he was dedicated to writing opera legends.Government funding provided the creation of opera works as the premise. Following Wu Xingzuo, Wu Tangzhen, Lu Shuzi, Lai Jizhi, Jin Lang, Song Jun and a large number of Jiangnan literatus from Wuxi to Fujian and Guangdong, influenced by Wanshu, could compose. They developed an opera school inheriting from opera school of Huayibo of Wu Bingcan. It not only promoted the prosperity of music of the south of the Five Ridges, but also directly led to the birth of the south of the Five Ridges opera-Cantonese Opera.