清季教官的宣讲与地方教化——兼及科举制废除对教官的影响

The Teaching of Confucian Moral Instructors and Local Moral Education in Qing Dynasty——Also on the Impact of Abolition of Civil Service Examination on Confucian Moral Instructors

清朝政治的基本形态为儒家学说指导下的伦理政治,其特征是德主刑辅、教化先行。各学教官专为课士而设,是推行地方教化的重要力量。教官的教化是通过监督宣讲和亲自担任宣讲者实现的。宣讲始终以"圣谕"为中心,兼及律法等,清季拓展至新政的各项章程、告示、报纸等。作为延续至今的一种普及教育的方式,宣讲对开民智、裕民德、正民俗有重要意义。但教官职分不专,教化效果并不理想。这与朝廷对教官职能的制度化设计与地方政府对教官职能的功利化选择之间的矛盾有关。

The dominant ideology of Qing Dynasty was Confucian ethics, featuring ＂moral education complemented by legal regulation＂. Confucian moral instructors were widely employed and became an important force to implement local moral education. Those teachers spread Confucian ethics through personal involvement in or supervision over preaching practices. The contents of their teaching centered on imperial edicts and laws, but later extended gradually to the regulations and announcements related to the Qing government. As one channel for promoting Confucian moral education, this kind of preaching has played an important role in enlightening the public, elevating public virtues and correcting malpractices as found in social customs. However, the blurred boundaries between the duties of these teachers had negatively affected the outcome of their efforts, which was the result of the conflict between the Qing Court＇s institutional design of moral teaching system and the utilitarian approach to these Confucian teachers at the local government levels.