士人貶謫與文學創作——宋神宗至高宗五朝文壇新取向

Exile of Litterateurs and Literary Creations: New Literary Orientation from the Years 1067 to 1162

自宋神宗至高宗五朝百年間,數以千計的士人遭到貶謫。既作爲政治上的貶謫者又作爲文學創作主體的宋代士人,在貶謫囚居中,備受處窮憂生之悲的侵襲;面對這一侵襲,他們竭力踐行內聖之學,修煉心性,排遣悲哀情累,安之若命,經歷了"悲哀—超越—盼歸"的心路歷程。該心路歷程主導貶謫羣體在文學創作上由"外"入"內",全面轉向了內在性情的吟詠,將處窮憂生之悲化爲坦易自如的閑暇之吟,形成了用來展現自我强化的"內聖"精神與品格的文學意境。這由神宗時期的蘇軾開其端,哲宗紹聖至高宗紹興年間的衆多貶謫者暢其盛,呈現出具有鮮明時代特徵的新取向。

During the hundred years between the reigns of Shenzong and Gaozong of the Song Dynasty,thousands of litterateurs were put in exile. These exiled litterateurs were the major players in the literary creations in the Song period. In the times of exile or imprisonment, they were fraught with desperation and sorrow of life. In the face of the life blow,they strove to practice the teaching of inward sagehood of Confucianism and cultivated their mind and nature. In this way,they were able to remove the burden of sorrow and came to terms with themselves. Thus, they experienced the spiritual progress from sorrow,transcendence to yearning for home. The spiritual progress dictated that the exiled group proceeded from the 'outward' to the 'inward' in literary creations. This turn to the sentimental poetry was a thorough one. The desperation and sorrow of life were transformed into the songs of ease and leisure. Thus, the spirit of 'inward sagehood' was strengthened and morality-based literary frame of mind was attained. Su Shi was a vanguard in this regard. He was followed by other litterateurs who were exiled in the eras of Emperor Zhezong and Gaozong. Together, they formed a new literary orientation distinctively for their times.