国外剥离表土种植利用模式及对中国的启示

Patterns of topsoil stripping for planting use in foreign countries and its enlightenment for China

表土剥离利用是提高土地生产能力,保护优质土壤资源的重要途径。美国、加拿大、日本、澳大利亚等国家都非常重视表土剥离工作,并结合中国国情制定了与表土剥离有关的政策法规、技术规范等。该文采用文献资料法和对比分析法,梳理和总结归纳了美国、加拿大、日本、澳大利亚等国家表土剥离的基本情况、组织管理模式和利用模式,并阐述了这些国家表土剥离的特征。归纳起来,这些国家采取的表土剥离组织管理模式包括政府主导型模式、联合互动型模式和规划主导型模式;表土剥离利用模式包括原地利用和异地利用二种模式。这些国家表土剥离的特征主要有:一是目标综合化。各国开展表土剥离的目的从提高土地生产能力逐步延伸到保护耕地资源和改善环境;二是主体多元化。除政府外,第三部门、企业、个人积极参与表土剥离;三是资金明确化。保证金制度、复垦基金制度、政府拨款、社会捐款等保证了表土剥离的资金来源;四是技术规范化。许多国家制定了详细的程序、可采用的技术方法、验收标准等;五是实施法治化。各国的表土剥离工作都有充分的法律依据;六是空间分异化。主要表现为表土剥离空间尺度差异和空间关联性。在此基础上,该文归纳了中国表土剥离的模式,剖析了当前面临的难题,提出了发达国家表土剥离经验对中国的启示和借鉴。

Topsoil stripping is helpful to improve land productivity, protect high-quality land resources, and most importantly, preserve the environment and ecosystem from destruction. In the U.S.A., Canada, Japan, and Australia, topsoil stripping is typically effective and efficient, based on the law, policy, technical standards, and availability of sufficient funds. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the circumstances, organizational patterns and applied patterns, and characteristics of topsoil stripping in these representative countries by using the methods of literature consultation and comparative analysis. Moreover, the circumstances, patterns, and dilemma of topsoil stripping in China are also studied. Based on that, our final purpose is to give some recommendations to make topsoil stripping more reasonable and scientific in China. It is concluded that there exists three main patterns of organization and administration, to be specific, government-centered patterns, joint-management patterns, and planning-centered patterns. They are all useful to ensure that the topsoil stripping could be carried out smoothly in spite of their different operating processes and other details. In terms of the appliance of topsoil： one is bringing topsoil back to the original land, the most important procedure here is topsoil storage; another is bringing topsoil to new land, besides topsoil storage, another key procedure here is topsoil transportation. Moreover, in these countries, it is shown that topsoil stripping has six main characteristics： one is comprehensive goals, i.e. improving land productivity, protecting land resources and environment, preserving the culture and so on; the second is multiple subjects, government, the third is that sector, enterprises and individuals actively participate in stripping topsoil; the third is sufficient funds, and they come from an Insurance Fund, Land Rehabilitation Fund, government allocated funds and charitable contribution; the fourth is formal technology, as these countries establish specific programs, technology and acceptance standards for topsoil stripping to give guidance on various projects, soil types, and each process of topsoil stripping; the fifth is legislative appliance, that is, topsoil stripping is legislatively based on laws, acts, regulations, and relative standards; the sixth is spatial variance, i.e., spatial distinctions and relations which stem from the spatial characteristics of land. Correspondingly, in China, there have been three patterns of topsoil stripping： administration-centered patterns, market-oriented patterns, and administration-market patterns. However, it is still unclear that which pattern is the most reasonable one, because they were successfully used in various programs of different regions in China. According to the current practice of topsoil stripping, there are a variety of factors which limit the development of topsoil stripping but lack of effective basic laws, a powerful system guarantee, an appropriate technical standard, and the active participation of subjects are the major obstacles to stripping and applying topsoil. To make one final point, learning from the successful experience of topsoil stripping in these countries, legislating laws and regulations, using various administrative methods, making refined technical standards, and defining a functional division of relative sectors are the strategies which can be used to improve topsoil stripping in China.