从因素论到认知论:现代智力理论发展述评

From Factorial Theory to Cognitive View: A Brief Review of Modern Intelligence Theories

一个世纪以来,国内外学者围绕智力问题不断探索,构建起以因素、结构和认知为主考量角度的三类智力理论。智力的因素论把智力切分为或少或多的因素组合,为确定智力的本质和智力测验科学化提供了坚实的理论基础。智力的结构论强调智力结构中各能力要素之间的结构关系及其交互作用。智力的认知理论打破了传统的静态智力观,转向人类认知过程分析,具有强烈的文化意识和实践意识。其中,加德纳的多元智能理论强调人类智能的多元性、平等性、差异性、情境性、发展性、文化性、互补性等特征,具备重要的理论和实践价值,对我国当前的教育教学改革具有重要的指导作用。

During the last century domestic and foreign scholars explored extensively the lluman mtemgence ann constructed factorial, structural and cognitive theories of intelligence. The factorial theories decomposed human intelligence into few or more factors, which provided scientific foundation for modem intelligence test. The structural theories emphasized the structure among various intelligent factors and their interactions. The cognitive theories shifted from the traditional static theories of intelligence to the cognitive process of human intelligence, showing strong cultural and practical consciousness. The theory of multiple intelligence constructed by Edward Gardner came to emphasize the pluralism, equality, difference, context - dependence, culture - dependence, complementa- riness of human intelligence, showing great theoretical and practical significance, which can serve as a guide for the reformation of education and teaching in current China.