“批判的科学”:马尔科维奇的历史唯物主义观评析

“Science of Critique”: Comments on Mihailo Markovic's Historical Materialism

作为南斯拉夫"实践派"的主要代表之一,马尔科维奇深刻批判了当代以来两种分裂式解读历史唯物主义的取向,即"实证化"历史唯物主义以及单向度地凸显历史唯物主义的批判维度,并强调通过"回到真实的马克思"来重新解释历史唯物主义。在他看来,马克思的历史唯物主义是科学性与批判性的统一,是一种独特的"批判的科学"。以此为基础,马尔科维奇尝试性地探讨了实现当代社会的彻底的人道化的可能性问题。马尔科维奇对历史唯物主义重新阐释无疑具有许多可取的积极面,但由于其对青年马克思异化批判理论的过度依赖,以致将历史唯物主义固有的"内在批判"维度以一种激进的话语方式转变成了一种"外在批判",从而不可避免地烙上了浓烈的理想主义色彩。

Mihailo Markovic is champion of Yugoslavian School of Practice. He criticizes two trends of mutilating interpretation of historical materialism, i.e. ＂empirical＂ and unilateral foreground critiques,and he emphasizes re-interpretation through ＂returning to true Marx＂. In his view, Marxist historical materialism is unity of science and critique, that is, unique ＂science of critique＂. On such basis, he attempts to explore the possibility of complete humanization of contemporary society. Markovic＇s re-interpretation of historical materialism is undoubtedly positive in certain respects, but his over-reliance on young Marx＇s critique of alienation turns historical materialism from its inherent ＂ internal critique＂ dimension to an ＂ external critique＂ characterized in radical discourse, which inevitably becomes heavily idealist.