从问题视角到问题解决视角——社会工作优势视角再审视

Problem,Problem Perspective,and Problem-solving: A Reviewing of Strengths Perspective

优势视角自20世纪80年代提出之后,就得到强烈反响,逐渐成为整个社会工作发展的主导原则。然而有关优势视角理论基础的研究至今寥寥无几。优势视角对问题视角开展了深刻反思,把优势概念带入了社会工作,假设人人都有优势。但是优势视角的理论基础源于人本主义,根植于西方启蒙运动推崇的基本理念,它本身不仅无法避免强势人类中心主义和工具理性的盛行,而且忽视了人的生活总是面临某种问题这一事实。问题解决视角正好弥补了优势视角这一不足,把关注的焦点放在问题解决的过程上,注重运用问题和优势相结合的平衡服务。更为重要的是,问题解决视角将解决问题与学习放弃和放下结合起来,拓展了西方社会工作的观察视角,并且为西方社会工作与中国文化的结合提供了新的思路。

Since the strengths perspective came into being in the 1980s, it has predominated in the social work field, but researches on its theoretical framework are few. This article is to review the logic basis of strengths perspective and finds that although the strengths perspective makes a deep reflection on problem perspective and brings into social work the con- cept of strength which is assumed that every human has its strengths, it is rooted in humanism and cannot omit the fact that it is conducive to the promotion of human-centered thoughts and instrumental rationalism. In order to solve this problem, problem-solving perspective is proposed and places its focus on the process of solving problem to provide services with inte- gration of the concepts of both strengths and problems. Moreover, problem-solving perspective also extends the view of the Western social work perspective in combination of the Chinese culture.