战时清政府对海峡西岸移民社会的控制——以台湾林爽文事件中的福建漳州府为例

The Control over the Immigrant Society in the West-bank of Taiwan Strait by the Qing Government in Wartimes: Take LIN Shuangwen Incident for Example in Zhangzhou

乾隆朝晚期,海峡两岸政治、经济和文化已逐步走向一体化,因此,当漳州府移民林爽文在台湾举事时,清政府既要在台湾府与林爽文及其部下作战,还要维持漳州府的社会稳定。清政府是通过控制漳州天地会组织、补齐漳州粮食市场缺口和提防漳州军人等措施来控制漳州社会的。从打赢外洋战争,防止其殃及漳州和维持国家统一等方面来看,清政府的社会控制无疑是成功的。从社会控制的方法来看,常青、李侍尧、福康安等,都无一例外把漳州府内生息的民众,当做一个无内部差别的乡族团体,即"漳州人",而没有当做一个个独立的个体,即独立的公民。因此在控制漳州社会时,才会不分良莠,广泛怀疑,甚至不惜利用漳州人、泉州人与广府人之间的嫌隙,控制漳州社会。相比之下,乾隆帝对漳州人的态度则以国为家,在打赢外洋战争的同时,还不忘适时地体恤苍生。

In the late Qianlong period the politics, economy and culture across the Taiwan Strait had gradually been moving toward integration. When LIN Shuangwen-an immigrant from Zhangzhou, staged an uprising, the Qing Government not only fought with LIN and his men in Taiwan, but also tried to maintain social stability in Zhangzhou. The government controlled the local society by regulating its Tiandihui organization, filling the gap in the food market and taking precautions against local army. For one thing, the domination of the government was an undoubted success because the dynasty won the foreign war, maintained national unity without bringing disaster to Zhangzhou. For another, the methods of controlling soci- ety taken by some ministers such as CHANG Qing, LI Shi-yao, FU Kang-an, was not appropriate , because they treated the local people as a clan group without internal differences rather than independent citizens. So they administrated them re- gardless good or bad, widely doubted them, even make use of the enmity among Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and Guangdong people. By contrast, E mperpr Qianlong was more rational and judicial.