新生代农民工过渡性身份认同及其特征分析

Transitional Identity of the New-generation of Off-farm Workers and its Characteristics

我国大规模农村劳动力流入城市和从事工业生产已经有了超过30年的历史,"农民工"这一身份的异质性也在增强。其中平均年龄在26岁,人数接近1亿人,频繁在各地、各行业/企业跳槽的新生代农民工,其身份认同呈现明显的过渡性。这不仅表现在他们中的很多人渴望成为城市人(趋)而不能,不愿成为农民(避)亦不能,徘徊在以城市居民身份替代农民工身份的过程之外,而且表现在城市和乡村对他们的双重身份排斥而导致的身份边缘化(半城半乡),以及既不认同农民工身份,也不认同城市居民身份的身份空白化(非城非乡)。本文梳理了认识农民工身份认同的5个理论视角,试图通过对跨文化心理学中的文化涵化理论、社会认同理论中的群际关系理论、社会心理学的动态建构理论、社会表征理论和全球化理论的梳理,为认识农民工身份困境提供理论思考资源。通过分析,新生代农民工身份认同困境来自制度性分类,而非个体在身份选择上的徘徊。他们的身份认同困境还来自制度性分类本身带有的地位高低的结构性,与他们渴望向上流动的动机之间的矛盾,从而造成他们处于两种力量的角力之中,陷入双重排斥的处境。透过新生代农民工这些身份认同困境,可以看到城乡权力关系中的问题。

The large-scale flow of rural force into the cities has a history of over thirty years. As time marches on, the heterogeneity of the off-farm workers identity has become obvious. The new-genera- tion of off-farm workers at the age about 26 numbers about 100,000,000 in China and they often change jobs in different places with their identity showing some transitional features as follows： They are neither urban citizens nor farmers but in-between or marginalized by their transitional role. The paper discusses their identity from five theoretical perspectives, that is, the acculturation perspective of inter-cultural psychology, the inter-group relations in the theory of social identity, the dynamic construction of social psychology, the theory of social representation and the theory of globalization. It concludes that the identity dilemma of these off-farm workers is more related to the institutional classification than their individual choice. The hierarchal structure of such classification plus their de- sire for a change of identity has produced their identity crisis which mirrors the power struggles be- tween the urban and rural areas.