秦陵出土青铜水禽锈体组织结构的初步分析

Structure of corrosion products on bronze birds excavated from Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum

本研究旨在研究秦始皇帝陵园出土彩绘青铜水禽锈体的结构形貌及其形成原因。采用扫描电镜能谱(SEM-EDS)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、金相显微分析和离子色谱分析(IC)等多种分析手段,对青铜水禽锈体的组织结构及其埋藏土壤进行了分析检测。结果表明:高湿、火烧、人为破坏的特殊埋藏环境是该批青铜水禽严重矿化的主要原因,而有些矿化严重的部分为稳定的粉状锈蚀物,并非传统意义上的"有害锈";从组织的微观腐蚀特征来看,铸态枝晶结构的样品α相优先腐蚀;而铸后受热组织则呈晶间腐蚀的特点,腐蚀由晶粒间界向品粒发展;锈体层状结构的产生与Cu_2O溶解产生空隙,并在合适的环境条件下生成了孔雀石有关。

The structure and formation of corrosion found on the colored bronze birds excavated from the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, and the soil associated with birds from the site, were analyzed by scanning electron microscope - energy dispersive X - ray （ SEM - EDS） , X - ray fluorescence spectroscopy （XRF） , metallographie analysis, ion chromatography （IC） and other instruments. The results show that high humidity, fire and the intentional destruc- tion of the burial environment by human beings are very likely to have been the major causes of the high degree of mineralization of the original metals. Some mineralized parts are stable powdered corrosion products, which are dif- ferent from the traditional harmful rust. In the samples with dendritic microstructures, the α phase tended to be cor- roded prior to the eutectoid, while the corrosion starts from grain boundaries to heated grains. The formation of la- mellar corrosion is considered to arise from dissolution of cuprite followed by formation of malachite in suitable environments.