陕西安康紫阳北五省会馆壁画颜料分析研究

A study on the pigments on murals of the Five Northern Provinces' Assembly Hall in Ankang

陕西安康紫阳北五省会馆壁画是目前陕西省境内发现的最大的一处建筑壁画,为了解其颜料组成,本工作采用X-射线荧光、偏光显微镜、X-射线衍射、激光显微拉曼光谱及扫描电镜-能谱分析相结合的分析方法。对颜料样品进行了分析。结果表明,北五省会馆壁画除正殿发现一处红色染料外,其他均为无机颜料;红色颜料主要是铅丹、朱砂、铁红;绿色颜料为氯铜矿、石绿、斜氯铜矿;蓝色颜料的主要成分是普鲁士蓝、smalt、石青;黄色颜料为雌黄、铁黄;褐色颜料的主要成分是铁红及铅丹的变色产物二氧化铅;黑色为炭黑;白色颜料主要是铅白,且多使用铅白作为调色颜料。研究结果对于了解清代民间壁画的制作工艺,丰富对陕西建筑壁画的认识具有重要意义。

The Five Northern Provinces＇ Assembly Hall has the largest mural in Shaanxi Province. In order to get information on pigments used, paint layer samples were examined and analyzed by polarized light microscopy, microscopic examination on cross - sections, x - ray fluorescence, x - ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive spectrometer （SEM EDS）. The results show that only one red dyestuff was found in the main hall, other colorants are all inorganic. Red pigments are red lead, cinnabar and red ochre. Green ones are atacamite, malachite and botallackite. Blue pigments include Prussian blue, smah and azurite. Yellow pigments are orpiment and yellow ochre. Brown pigments are mostly iron red ochre and PbO2 , an aging product of red lead. Black is flame carbons. White pigment is white lead, and lead white was also mixed with other colors for use. The research result suggested the study of the pigments used at the Five Northern Provinces＇ Assembly Hall is important for understanding the mural painting technique used during the Qing Dynasty and architecture murals in the Shaanxi area.