荷尔德林与德国人的民族情结

Friedrich Holderlin and German Nationalism

德国诗人弗里德里希·荷尔德林与德意志民族这个"想象的共同体"之间有着错综复杂的联系。荷尔德林的生前创作包含了一定的民族想象,呼应了民族国家范式在欧洲兴起之初德国人的失落和憧憬。而荷尔德林在20世纪的经典化又与德国作为迟来的民族国家急剧膨胀的民族情绪息息相关。打造民族诗人神话的工程在纳粹时期走向了极端,荷尔德林的诗歌作品遭到误读和滥用,沦为极端民族主义和非正义战争的宣传工具。战后这种解读的流毒逐渐被肃清,荷尔德林作为现代诗人的经典地位得到重新确认。本文梳理荷尔德林的文学作品及其接受与德国民族情结之间的关系,并借助这个案例透视德国特殊的国家发展道路上文学经典与民族认同之间的互动和异化。

There is an intricate connection between Friedrich Holderlin(1770-1843) and his nation as an 'imagined community'.While his writings before death revealed a nationalism that corresponded to the German longing for,as much as the frustration for the loss of,a nation state.The canonization of Holderlin in the beginning 20th century was partly due to the nationalistic movement in Germany as a 'delayed nation state'.Especially in the days of Nazism,the poetry of Holderlin was abused as propaganda instrument for the extreme aggressive nationalism.It was after WWII when the baneful influence was purged that the modern poetic value of Holderlin's is re-recognized and re-appreciated in Germany.This paper reviews the special relation between the popularity of Holderlin's writings and German nationalism,so as to examine,with Holderlin's case,the interaction between German literary classics and its sense of national identity,together with the alienation involved,when Germany was in its unique development into a nation state.