评有关功利论与道义论之区别的三种流行观点

A Commentary on Three Popular Views Concerning the Differences between Utilitarianism and Deontology

康德是道义论方面最有代表性的人物，他在其伦理学著作中明确地把自己的道义论同幸福论区别开来，而他所理解的幸福论又与功利论具有实质上的一致性。本文试图主要依据康德的相关阐释，表明对于有关功利论与道义论之区别的三种流行观点需要作批判性的检视。观点一：功利论与道义论的区别在于个人利益与整体利益何者优先在国内学界，道义论所讲的道义往往被归结为整体利益或“公利”，而功利论所讲的功利则每每指个人的“私利”。正是基于这种理解，人们认为道义论与功利论的实质区别在于：前者把“公利”置于首位，而后者则把“私利”置于首位。（参见方毅）

The differences between utilitarianism and deontology have always been an interesting topic among the academics.Kant is the most representative of deontology.To start a discussion from Kant's theoretical interpretation and to critically examine three popular views among the current academics on the differences between utilitarianism and deontology will help to understand more accurately the meaning of and the differences between the two most influential forms of normative ethics.