康德的批判哲学体系有漏洞吗——以《自然科学的形而上学基础》和《遗著》为视角

Is There a“Loophole”in Kant’s Critical System?——From the Perspective of Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science and Opus Postumum

主流观点认为,康德的批判哲学体系是完整的,但是,"漏洞说"的支持者认为,由于缺乏"空间的优先性理论"和"具有统一性的物质理论",批判哲学体系底部"存在"漏洞",因此康德的中后期思想的路向就在于致力于修补"漏洞"。然而,因"漏洞说"受到一些学者激烈的反驳而必须受到审理。本文通过对支持者和反驳者争论焦点的考察和补证,认为批判哲学存在"漏洞"并且康德对其修补有据可查,如果《自然科学的形而上学基础》为批判哲学提供了空间的图型,那么《遗著》则以"以太"为"基底"提供了新的物质力学图景,更为重要的是,用以太演绎来修复漏洞还具有统一知性的构成性和理性的范导性的方法论意蕴。

It is generally believed that Kant＇s critical ＂theory of loophole＂ believe that there are ＂loopholes＂ at philosophy system is intact. But the proponents of the bottom of critical philosophy due to the lack of ＂priority of space＂ and ＂theory of matter of unity＂, and therefore, Kant tried to patch the ＂loopholes＂ in the mid and later part of his life. However, the ＂theory of loophole＂ must be reexamined because it is fiercely refuted by some scholars. By considering the focuses of debate of supporters and rebutters, this paper insists that there are ＂loopholes＂ in critical philosophy, and Kant＇s patching of the loophole is well documented. If Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science provides ＂monogramm of outer sense＂, Opus postumum provides material mechanical picture ＂based＂ on ＂ether＂. More importantly, the patching of the loopholes by ether deduction is of methodological significance, which unifies constitutive principle of understanding and regular principle of reasoning.