动荡与饥荒:极端气候事件与区域社会应对——1929年陕西“大年馑”的个案考察

Upheaval and Famine: Extreme Climate Event and Response of Regional Society: An Investigation in the Case of the “Severe Famine” in Shaanxi around 1929

饥荒是困扰中国两千年农业社会的最大毒瘤。饥荒与气候相联系,多数为气候事件作用的结果,因此,气候在其中所起的作用不容忽视。饥荒性灾害往往又与人们防灾、抗灾能力有关,一个地区防灾措施与抗灾能力直接影响灾害能否发生、是否持续乃至控制与消灭。1928—1930年,中国北方地区发生了一场空前的大饥荒,饥荒主要由旱灾引起,这次饥荒造成了中国农村人口的大量死亡,历年学者研究不在少数。本文主要讨论了此次大年馑的气候背景,陕西种植业结构与鸦片种植之间的关系,政治生态与民生问题,从而分析了大饥荒的主要原因。推究此次大年馑的内在原因,极端气候是造成灾害连年的主要原因,而政治混乱所带来防灾能力的低弱则是造成大饥荒的根本原因。

Famine was the biggest malignant tumor in the two-thousands-years-long Chinese agricultural society.It is related with climate.Most of them are resulted from the effects of climate events.Famine also has always been related with people's abilities to defend themselves from disasters.People's measures and abilities against disasters in a region will decide the destruction wrought by a disaster and how long it lasts.Between 1928 and 1930,there happened an unprecedented famine in the Northern China.It was resulted from draughts and caused huge number of casualties in the rural areas.There have been many studies of the famine.The author analyzes its main reasons with focus on its climate background,its relations with plantation of opium and political situation.She believes the extreme climate was the main reason for the decade long famine,and the weak abilities against disaster,which was resulted from political upheavals,were the fundamental reason for the big famine.