紧急避险:解决权利冲突的制度设计及刑民案例

Necessity: Institutional Design for Rights Conflict Resolution and the Related Criminal and Civil Cases

权利冲突是法治领域中的一个世界性问题,如何解决权利冲突也就成为世界各国所要竭力面对的问题。紧急避险制度就是解决权利冲突问题的一个极为典型的制度安排。这一制度既以立法的形式规定在法律体系中,也是在司法过程中判定和解决权利冲突问题的有效制度。在世界多数国家,法律中都规定有紧急避险制度。有的规定在刑法中,有的规定在民法中,有的是刑法、民法兼而有之。对紧急避险的制度规定和法理依据进行探讨,并以中国司法实践中的几个刑民案例作为实证,来探讨紧急避险这一制度在解决权利冲突案件时所发挥的作用。

How to solve the conflicts of rights, a universal prob｜em in the field of rule of law, is faced by various countries in the world. The necessity is a very typical institutional arrangement for rights conflict resolution. Not only does it exist in legal system by legalization, but also in judicial process by judgment. Necessity is prescribed in the laws of most countries all over the world, which can be in the criminal laws, or civil laws, or both. It is gone deeply into that the institutional design and jurisprudence basis of the necessity in the paper. Moreover, some criminal and civil cases in Chinese judicial practice, as the empirical research objects, are used to investigate the effect of necessity on rights conflict resolution.