东莞市职业中毒的发病特征及防治对策

Epidemiological characteristics and control strategies of occupational poisoning in Dongguan City

目的通过分析2006—2012年东莞市职业中毒的发病特征,提出防治对策。方法采用描述流行病学的方法对2006—2012年东莞市职业中毒的发病特征进行分析。结果①2006—2012年东莞市网络直报职业病诊断病例共272例。职业中毒发病病例整体呈上升态势,职业病中毒发病趋向于群体性,以职业性慢性中毒为主(64.34%);②职业性急性中毒病种主要是含卤代烃为主的有机溶剂中毒(59.79%);职业性慢性中毒病种主要是苯中毒(49.14%)和正己烷中毒(39.42%);③职业性急性中毒病例中男性明显多于女性,而职业性慢性中毒病例中男女之间没有明显区别;④职业性中毒(急性和慢性)以青壮年发病为主(<45岁);⑤职业性急性中毒发病工龄多数<5 a,职业性慢性中毒发病工龄多数<10 a;⑥职业性中毒(急性和慢性)病例多分布于经济条件发达的南部镇区,并依次向中北部镇区递减;⑦行业以轻工业多见;⑧经济类型以非公有制私营经济为主;⑨职业性急性中毒病例主要集中在大型企业;职业性慢性中毒病例主要集中在中小型企业。结论东莞市职业性中毒并未得到有效遏制,从传统的单一病种向多元化病种发展,不断出现新的职业性中毒病例,如卤代烃溶剂引起的职业性急性中毒,应建立合理有效的防治对策,综合防治。

[ Objective] To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of occupational poisoning in Dongguan City from 2006-2012, put forward the prevention and control strategies. [ Methods ] The descriptive epidemiological method was adopted to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of occupational poisoning in Dongguan City from 2006-2012. [ Results] ①272 diagnosed cases of occupational diseases were reported by direct reporting network system in Dongguan City from 2006-2012. The incidence rate of occupational poisoning presented the overall upward trend, and showed the characteristics of group. Most of cases were chronic oc- cupational poisoning, accounting for 64.34%. ②The acute occupational poisoning was mainly organic solvent poisoning which was dominated by halogenated hydrocarbon （ 59.79% ）, while the chronic occupational poisoning mainly included benzene poisoning （49. 14% ） and n-hexane poisoning （39.42%）. ③The male patients with acute occupational poisoning were significantly more than female patients, and there was no significant difference in incidence rate of chronic occupational poisoning between males and fe- males. ④Most of patients with both acute and chronic occupational poisoning were young adults under 45 years old. ⑤The patients with acute occupational poisoning were mainly the workers whose working age was less than 5 years old, while the patients with chronic occupational poisoning were mainly the employees whose working age was more than 10 years old. ⑥Most of patients with both acute and chronic occupational poisoning were reported in south towns with developed economy, followed by the central and north towns. ⑦The trade distribution focused on light industries. ⑧The economic type was dominated by non-public-owned econo- my. ⑨The cases of chronic occupational poisoning were mainly reported in the large enterprises, while the cases of chronic occupa- tional poisoning were mainly found in small and medium enterprises. [ Conclusion] The occupational poisoning has not been effec- tively controlled in Dongguan City, and it changes from the type of traditional single disease to the type of diverse diseases. New oc- cupational poisoning cases have appeared constantly, for example, the acute occupational poisoning caused by chlorinated hydrocar- bon solvent. It is necessary to establish the effective and reasonable management system and carry out comprehensive measures.