5McDougall EM , Clayman RV , Elashry O. Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell cancer: The Washington University experience [J] .J Urol, 1995, 154: 975- 980.
6Kerbl K, Clayman RV , McDougall EM , et al . Laparoscopic nephrectomy: the Washington University experience [J]. Br J Urol, 1994, 73:231 - 236.
7Koo BC, Burgess NA , Rhodes M Review of laparoseopie urology [ J ] ,Surg Endosc, 2003, 17: 3-11.
8Nakada SY, Fadden P, Jarrard DF, et al . Hand - assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: comparison to open radical nephrectomy [ J] .Urology, 2001, 58: 517-520.
9Wolf JS Jr, Moon TD. Nakada SY. Hand assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy: comparison to standard laparosocopic nephrec - tomy [J] . J Urol, 1998, 160: 22-27.
10Gill IS. Needlescopic urology: current status [J] .Urol Clin North Am , 2001, 28:71-83.