汉语与日语吸收外来语的方式及其影响对比

A Comparative Study of Ways and Impacts of Borrowed Words in Chinese and Japanese

汉、日语中都存在大量的外来语,但汉语和日语吸收外来语的方式不尽相同,对语言发展的影响也不同。日语倾向于将外来语意译成汉字,"二战"后主要采用音译的方式吸收外来语,目前日语则完全采用片假名注音方式吸收外来语;然而,汉语倾向于采用意译或者音意译结合的方式吸收外来语。日语、汉语吸收外来语的不同方式,取决于两国语言文字的差异性,也反应了国民对外来语的不同接纳程度。同时,外来语的吸收对语言系统、语言规范和民族心态都给予了一定的影响。

Borrowed words form a considerable part in current Chinese and Japanese. However, different ways of word-borrowing from other languages cause different impacts on the development of both languages. Japanese tends to semantically translate the words borrowed from foreign languages into Chinese characters, while after World War II, the strategy of phonetic translation has mainly been employed. Recently, the only way Japanese used to borrow words is by using katakana to transcribe the pronunciation of the borrowed words. Unlike Japanese, Chinese absorbs the borrowed words in two ways： semantic translation and the combination of phonetic and semantic translation. Different ways of word-borrowing in Chinese and Japanese are attributed to the difference in the two languages＇ constructions. It also shows the differences of the two nations in their attitudes towards embracing foreign languages into mother tongues. Meanwhile, it is found that the borrowing of foreign words has some impacts on language system, language constructing norms and people＇s minds.