我国高水平短跑运动员技术与力量训练的理论缺失

Theoretical Deficiency of Technique and Strength Training in Chinese High-level Sprinters

运用文献资料、数理统计、逻辑分析等研究方法,从神经肌肉理论角度对短跑技术、力量训练进行研究,并对我国短跑水平落后的原因进行了探讨。研究认为:①由于没有形成先进而稳定的短跑训练理念,操作层面滞后,造成对短跑技术训练与神经肌肉训练的关系处理不当,技术环节不合理,节奏与放松技术欠缺,神经肌肉连续爆发性工作及能量供应能力弱,体现为全程节奏不合理、高速度水平低、维持高速能力差。②短跑技术、力量、速度是密切结合的,因此在短跑的技术训练中必须揉合进力量、速度的因素,而在力量、速度训练中必须充分体现短跑技术的特征,做到力量、速度、技术的一体化综合提高。但由于对短跑理解不够深刻加上方法、手段、器材落后,使得短跑技术、力量、速度练习中产生分离,造成伸髋、后扒、缓冲等技术环节存在较大问题。③力量分类的细化、运动单位募集、神经适应、超等长训练等是关于短跑训练的重要神经肌肉训练指导理论,在理解及具体运用上还有较大的距离,有待进一步细化提高。在此基础上提出了相关建议。

In this paper, literature, statistics and logical analysis are used to study shortsprint technique and strength training from neuromuscular perspectives, and the reasons behind the low level of sprint in China are examined. It is suggested that： 1 ） The nonexistence of advanced and stable ideology of sprint training and laggingbehind at the operational level lead to the careless handling of the relationship between sprint technique training and neuromuscular training, unreasonable tech nique aspects, deficient rhythm and relaxation techniques, and weak adaptation of neuromuscular continuous explosive work and energy supply, and manifest in a unreasonable fulllength rhythm, a low highspeed level and poor highspeed mainte nance. 2） The close integration of sprint techniques, strength and speed requires the incorporation of strength and speed fac tors in sprint technique training, full inclusion of features of sprint training techniques in strength and speed training, and hence increased integration of strength, speed, and techniques. However, a limited understanding of sprint as well as unso phisticated methods, means and equipment lead to separation of sprint techniques, strength and speed, and to acute problems in such aspects as hip extension, rear hold and buffering. 3 ） Specification of strength classification, motor unit recruitment, neural adaptation, polymetric training and so forth constitute an integral component of neuromuscular sprint training theory, but further specification of their understanding and application is required. Based on the above, suggestions are considered.