“科学家”职业的演变过程及其社会责任

On the Evolution of Profession of Scientist and Its Social Responsibility

本文认为科学家从一种有闲人的“业余爱好”变成一种专门的社会职业 ,是一个历史的过程。科学家的职业化伴随科学的体制化演进 ,科学家在社会中担当了重要的社会责任。本文从科学社会学的角度 ,论述了“科学家”一词的来历、含义 ,科学家社会职业的历史演变 ,科学家在英、法、德、美等国发展的不同特点 ,以及当代科学家肩负的社会责任 ,特别是新的科技革命对科学家提出的道德责任要求。

It is believed in this paper that scientist, from the“amateur' activity to a kind of social profession, is a historical process. The professionalization of scientist follows the institutionalization of scientist. Scientists have taken certain responsibilities in the society. According to this clue, the paper discusses from the perspective of scientific sociology the origin and implication of scientist, the evolution of profession of scientist, the characteristics of scientists in such countries as England, France, German and America and the responsibilities taking by contemporary scientists, especially for the requirement of new revolution of new science and technology.