遏制、整合与塑造:美国中亚政策的战略目标

Containment, Integration and Shaping: Strategic Objectives of the U.S. Central Asian policies

美国至今依然缺乏连贯、明确的中亚战略,但这并不能掩盖美国正在该地区追求连贯的战略目标。事实上,在中亚国家独立伊始,美国就在中亚追求三个方面的战略目标,即遏制俄罗斯、伊朗,以及一定程度上也包括中国;将包括中亚国家在内的前苏联国家整合进西方的政治、经济与价值体系之中;塑造中亚国家的发展方向及其地缘政治环境。国内学术界普遍认为的、以及美国官方和美国学术界宣称的能源、安全与民主,并不构成美国中亚政策的战略目标,仅是其追求的政策目标。美国在中亚地区追求遏制、整合与塑造这三重战略目标,受到美国中亚政策指导思想——"遏制战略"的残余影响、"文明冲突论"与"民主和平论"的启发和规定。尽管在不同的时期,美国投放在这三重战略目标的精力和重点有所不同,但这三者始终引导着过去二十多年来美国中亚政策的构思和执行。

So far the United States still lacks a coherent and clear strategy for Central Asia, but this does not necessarily mean that it is not pursuing coherent strategic objectives in this region. In fact, since the beginning of Central Asian countries' independence, the United States has already been in pursuit of three strategic objectives in Central Asia, namely, to contain Russia, Iran, and China to some extent; integrating the former Soviet countries including Central Asian countries into Western political, economic, and value systems; shaping the direction of Central Asian countries' development and their geopolitical environment as well. While it is generally believed within the domestic academia that energy, security and democracy, which the U.S. government declares, do not constitute its strategic goals in Central Asia. Actually they are just its policy objectives. Its threefold strategic objectives of containment, integration and shaping, are regulated and influenced by its guidelines for Central Asian policies, namely, 'the Containment Strategy', the 'Theory for Clash of Civilizations' and 'Theory of Democracy and Peace'. Although at different times, the United States focused differently on this threefold strategic objectives, yet all of them have always been guiding the conception and implementation of the United States' policies in Central Asia in the past 20 odd years.