“因俗而治”与“胡汉一体”——试论辽朝“一元两制”的政治特色

“Government in terms of custom”vs. “Unification of Hu and Han nationalities” ——Discussion on the political characteristics of“One Dimension,Two Systems”of Liao Dynasty

以10世纪为开端,中华民族进入历史上的第二个南北朝时代,北方民族尤其是东北民族,波浪般加入塑造中华民族的进程中,契丹民族起到破山开路的先导作用。在其200年的王朝统治中,建立起一整套"一元两制"特色的政治体制,并为后世王朝所效仿,发挥出极为重要的历史作用。清代部族八旗制度;权力中枢的"军机处";边疆管理模式的"将军"直辖;政治中心二元化的"木兰秋猎";糅合世袭和世选制度的"秘密立储"。军事制度的汉军、绿营等,或多或少都带有契丹王朝政治特色的印痕。因此,可以用"始于辽而成于清"来概括辽朝"一元两制"的历史演变。

Beginning from the Tenth century, the Chinese nation came into the second period of the North and South Dynasty in history. The northern nationalities, especially the northeast nationalities have entered the procedure of molding the Chinese nation, rising here and subsiding there. Qidan nationality played a leading role in the procedure. During the 200 years＇government, Qidan had established a complete set of political sys- tems with the characteristics of ＂One Dimension, Two Systems＂, which was imitated by the dynasties in the following years and played a very important role in history. These include the Eight - flag system of Qing Dy- nasty, ＂Military - Political - Affair Setup＂ - the power pivot, the direct control by ＂ the general＂ with the frontier management mode, ＂Autumn Hunting in Mulan＂ of the binary political center, ＂secrete establishment of crown prince＂ which mixed the descendent system and selection system. The military systems, such as Hanjun, Ltiying, had impression more or less of the political characteristics of Qidan dynasty. Therefore, the historical evolution of ＂One Dimension, Two Systems＂ in Liao dynasty can be concluded by ＂beginning from Liao and setting up in Qing＂.