乌兰察布市地膜使用及残留污染现状分析

The Present Situation of Plastic Film Used and Residual Contamination in Ulanqab City

为了解乌兰察布市地膜使用和残留污染现状。明确土壤残留地膜污染程度．采用发放调查问卷和田间样品采集两种方法对该市典型区域进行了地膜残留调研，结合历年统计资料对该市地膜使用现状进行了分析。结果表明：2001—2010年鸟兰察布市地膜覆盖面积和地膜使用量总体上呈现先直线下降后稳定回升的“V”字形变化趋势。2005年地膜覆盖面积和地膜使用量均迭到低谷．与2001年相比降低幅度为42．02％和40．28％，2010年地膜覆盖面积和地膜使用量较2005年增加幅度分别为67．60％和93．54％。鸟兰察布市基本维持着一家一户分散经营模式，耕翻深度不足25cm，该地区地膜使用量为3．0-3．5kg／667m^2，大部分残留地膜集中在0-20cm层次，20-30cm层次残膜较少，0～30cm地膜残留量为0．8～6．4kg,／667m^2，初步认为鸟兰察布市地膜使用对农作物生长和产量基本没有负面影响．但必须警惕地膜覆盖面积和使用量大幅度增加后引发的环境污染和残膜污染威胁。鸟兰察布市无残膜回收机具．残膜通过耙耱和抛茬作业被带出农田，耙耱次数越多地膜残留越少。建议鸟兰察布市优化耕作制度，通过作物间合理轮作倒茬．推广后期揭膜技术、应用降解地膜、研制或引进地膜回收机具，并加强宣传培训、政策引导和法制保障等手段正确认识地膜残留危害．大幅度降低地膜残留污染。

In order to investigate the present situation of plastic film used and to understand its residual contamination in Ulanqab city, two methods of questionnaires and field samples collected were used to investigate the plastic film residue problem in two typical regions of this city. The current using situation of the plastic film was analyzed combined with the statistical data and the results showed that： In Ulanqab city, the covering area and the used volume of film firstly linear decreased and then stably increased, and the trend was like ＂V＂ from 2001 to 2010. In 2005, the covering area and the used volume of film reached trough, and decreased to 42.02% and 40.28% than in 2001, the covering area and the used volume of film in 2010 increased 67.60% and 93.54% than in 2005. Dispersed manage by individual farmer is the main model in Ulanqab city and the farmland ploughed depth was less than 25cm. The residual plastic film mostly contained in 0-20cm layers and the residual amount in 0- 30cm was mainly affected by the residue amount in 0-20cm. The plastic film used amount is 3.0-3.5kg/667m2 and residual amount is 0.8-6.4kg/667m2 in 0-30cm. Our initial view was that the plastic film using can not pollute the soil or not have negative effect on crops growth, but we must on guard the pollution of environment and residual plastic film caused by the increasing of the film covering area and the used volume. There was not polythene film collector in Ulanqab city, the residual plastic film was taken from farmland by harrowing and rolling, and it decreased by the more times harrowing and rolling. Suggestions for the optimization of Ulanqab city, with cropping system optimized, reasonable rotation, the late promotion technology promoted, biodegradable plastic film used, polythene film collector researched or imported, and so on, the hazards of the residual plastic film should be corrected understanding through the propaganda and training, policy guidance and legal guarantee, which can reduce the pollution of the residual plastic film greatly.