千真洞的变迁:槎山全真道迁佛史迹考

The Change in the Thousand Immortals Cave:Research into the Historical Traces of the Quanzhen School's Conversion of Buddhas in Mount Cha

山东荣成槎山"千真洞"系由佛教窟寺千佛洞改刻而得名。史志文献资料与田野考察资料的交叉验证,可以澄清所谓千真洞系全真道士王玉阳开凿的讹传,进而揭示明代天启七年千佛洞被全真道占据并改为千真洞的历史真相。在千真洞附近发现的迁佛洞,为认识千佛洞变成千真洞的仪式过程提供了珍贵的证据。佛道之争历代不休,然而通过仪式过程实现对异教庙产的占夺,且其仪式要素能够完好存世,槎山之例尚属仅见。从区域民间信仰的心理复杂性,可以把握迁佛仪式有效性、"合法性"赖以达成的区域传统依据。"千佛洞"到"千真洞"的变迁表明,不同宗教之间对神圣空间的争夺,可以通过跨宗教的"取代仪式"来实现。这本身揭示出宗教人类学领域的新问题。

The Thousand Immortals Cave in Mount Cha,Rongcheng,Shandong,got its name because it was re-cut on the basis of the Thousand Buddhas Cave,a Buddhist temple.The crossvalidation of historical data and fieldwork material has helped clear up the untrue story that the Thousand Immortals Cave was originally dug by a Quanzhen Taoist,Wang Yuyang,to reveal the historical truth:the Thousand Buddhas Cave was taken over and made into the Thousand Immortals Cave by the Quanzhen school of Taoism in the 7th year of the Tianqi reign period of the Ming Dynasty.The Buddha-converting Cave discovered near the Thousand Immortals Cave offers valuable evidence for the ceremonial process which turned the Thousand Buddhas Cave into the Thousand Immortals Cave.Disputes between the two faiths have gone on for generations,but what happened in Mount Cha was unique:using a ceremonial process to seize the temple property of another religion and moreover preserving those ceremonial elements for centuries.From the psychological complexity of regional folk beliefs,one can grasp the basis in regional tradition of the efficacy and 'legitimacy' of the Buddha-converting ceremony.The switch from the Thousand Buddhas Cave to the Thousand Immortals Cave indicates that different religions' struggles over sacred spaces can be realized through a supra-religious 'substitution ceremony'.This raises new issues in the field of anthropology of religion.