东南亚的庇护政党制刍议——以菲律宾、泰国及印度尼西亚为例

On Clientelistic Party System in Southeast Asia —Taking the Philippines,Thailand and Indonesia as Examples

在东南亚十国的政治发展及政党体制变化历程中,菲律宾、泰国及印度尼西亚有着很多的共性。三个国家都是在20世纪八九十年代完成了从威权向民主的转型,政党体制也从原先的"优势政党制"转变成为多党竞争制。相比较而言,其它国家或者仍走在威权体制下一党独大的道路上(如新加坡、马来西亚及柬埔寨),或者仍处于民主转型的过程中(如缅甸)。然而,这三国在完成政治转型后的民主巩固阶段,却形成了独特的侍从式庇护政党制,表面繁荣的多党竞争实质上依赖从上至下、覆盖整个社会的庇护网络方得运转。此种非体制化的庇护关系必然导致政党政治中充斥着利益交换与金钱政治,对其国内政治影响颇大。

In the course of the political development and the changes of the political system among the ten countries of Southeast Asia, the Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia have a lot in common. They all completed the transformation from authoritarianism to democracy in 1980s and 1990s, and their party system changed from the original ＂dominant party system＂ to multi-party competition system. In comparison, other countries are still in the authoritarian regime （such as Singapore, Malaysia and Cambodia）, or still in the democratic transition process （such as Myanmar）. However, in the democratic consolidation phase after the completion of the political transi- tion, unique clientelism party system came to shape in these three countries. Their muhi-party competition under the surface of its prosperity essentiaUy depends on the patron-client networks which are from top to bottom and cover the whole society. In party politics, non-institutionalization of clientelism could lead to exchange of interests and money politics, thus pracluce a great influence on domestic politics.