儿童所负公平责任之比较研究

Comparative Research of Liability in Equity by Children

当代,奥地利、德国、比利时、意大利、希腊、葡萄牙、中国台湾地区等民法典均规定了公平责任。据此,儿童可能承担公平责任。此类责任之特征是:实现了受害人人身、财产安全和儿童行为自由之间的平衡;构成要件复杂;填补的范围既可以是全部损失,又可以是部分损失。此类责任的优势是:它使儿童财产成为责任财产,在法理上更正当。此类责任不属无过错责任。在不同国家或地区,引起此类责任的构成要件和具体内容均有差异。在少年人按同龄组人标准被认定无过失,或者原告无辨别能力、经济状况优越时,公平责任可以类推适用。

At Present, Civil Code in Austria, Germany, Belgium, Italy Greece, Portugal and China＇s Taiwan provides for the rule of liability in equity. According to it, children may be liable for their wrongful act. Liability in equity by children takes on the following characteristics ： firstly ,it has struck a balance between safety of victims and freedom of act of children; secondly, elements for it are more complicated;lastly, its legal effect may be full compensation or partial compensation. Its merits are the following, it can make children＇s property available for the compensation and it is more jtlst in legal theory. It is not of strict liability. In the six countries and Taiwan region, elements and legal effects are different. When the minors have met standards of same-age-group children or the unimputable but more wealthier children are hurt, the minors or the poor defendant may be also held liable in equity.