恶之枷——对于《理想国》中隐身戒隐喻及其变体的解读

Shackles of Evil: Reflection on the Invisible Ring Metaphor in Plato's Republic and its Variation

柏拉图《理想国》与希罗多德《历史》中记载了两个不同版本的隐身戒隐喻,他们从恶之自由和恶之枷锁两个角度对善与正义的同一性发起质疑。后者对苏格拉底"各行其是"的正义观提出三方面质疑:一,节制与勇敢如何各行其是而避免冲突;二,如果人并非"被迫"行恶,他能否自觉抵制不正义的诱惑;三,当人为保存生命而"被迫"作恶时,他有何办法寻求宽恕。隐身戒隐喻的变体在柏拉图各行其是的正义论体系中打开了缺口,上述问题需要一个尊重多元之善的异质性正义来加以协调。

There are two invisible ring metaphors in Plato＇s Republic and Herodotus＇ History, concerning the question for the identity between good and justice with the freedom and enforcement of evil. The latter of invisible ring metaphor challenges Socrates＇justice view from three aspects： First, how could the virtue of tem- perance and bravery avoid their conflicts Second, how could people resist the temptation of doing evil even if they are not forced to do that Third, if people are forced to do evil in order to save their lives, how could they get forgiven All these questions need to be coordinated with a heterogeneous justice respecting various goods.