基于公共物品属性的生态旅游资源开发——国家公园模式对生态旅游资源开发的启示

The Exploitation of Ecotourism Resources Based on Public Goods Properties——The Enlightenment of National Park Pattern to Ecotourism Resources Exploitation

生态旅游资源的开发与保护一直是一对尖锐的矛盾,国家公园是当前国际社会保护生态资源的主要模式之一。从公共物品的角度出发,认为生态旅游资源具有公共物品的属性,其支配权应该为社会公众所拥有,而国家是代表社会公众利益的理想主体。我国的许多生态旅游资源开发忽视了公共物品属性的要求,造成了资源的破坏与各方利益的不均衡。国家公园以较小面积的合理开发实现较大范围的有效保护,并由国家代表社会公众对生态旅游资源进行管理,其管理费用由国家予以保障,管理部门与公园内的旅游经营项目没有利益关系且对经营者进行严格的监督,同时,社区利益受到了高度的重视。国家公园模式较好的协调了开发与保护的关系,更多的体现了社会公众的利益,是一种符合生态旅游资源公共物品属性的旅游开发模式。

The exploitation and protection of ecotourism resource constitute one pair of sharp contradictions. To set up national park is one of the main methods to protect ecotourism resources in world. From the aspect of public goods, this paper believes that ecotourism resource has the properties of public goods, and its eminent domain should belong to general public. Nation can stand for interests of general public very well. Many exploiting actions on ecotourism resources in our country neglect the demand of public good properties. This results in damage to resources and imbalance among stakeholders. It develops small area rationally to protect far larger nature area efficiently in national park. In national park, nation manages ecotourism resources on behalf of public, and the administrative expense comes from state finance; administrative authority has no community of interests with tour operators and supervises these operators strictly; meanwhile community interests are highly valued. Harmonizing development and protection better, representing public interests mostly, national park is a kind of exploiting pattern of ecotourism resources that can be correspond exactly with the public goods properties.