论意识形态的本质、功能、总体性及领域

The Essence,Function,Totality and Areas of Ideology

通行的马克思主义教科书关于意识形态的定义,只是对意识形态在社会结构中的定位描述及其外延的机械规定。依据马克思的意识形态批判思想,意识形态在本质上是价值观的理论体系,内容上反映一定的阶级或集团利益,具有特殊性,在形式上又要说成是体现共同利益,具有普遍性。其根本功能是把特殊利益说成是普遍利益,即为维护或冲击现成的利益格局的行为合法性提供合理性辩护。意识形态的总体性,需从一般和特殊的辩证关系而并非整体和部分的机械关系上来把握其同各种社会意识形式的外延关系,各种社会意识形式包含了意识形态,但不是所有社会意识形式中的思想观点都是意识形态。确定是否是意识形态的根本依据是,是否反映人们之间特殊利益与共同利益之间的矛盾和冲突。由此可将意识形态区分为程度不同的政治生活领域、思想文化领域、日常生活领域以及国际交往领域。

The definition of ideology in most Marxist textbooks is just a description of its position in social structure and a mechanical designation of its denotation. According to Marx＇s critical thought of ideology, ideology is substantially a theoretical system of the values. It is particular since it stands for the interests of certain classes or groups as far as its content is concerned~ it is general since it is, in form, interpreted as representing common interests.. Its fundamental function is to disguise special interests as common ones, that is, to provide defense for the legitimacy of either safeguarding or challenging the existing structure of interests. To grasp the totality of ideology, its denotative relationship with various forms of social consciousness should be understood from the perspective of the dialectical general-particular relationship rather than the mechanical whole-partial relationship. Social consciousness contains ideology, but not all the thoughts and views in the former belong to the latter. The essential criterion to distinguish ideology is whether it reflects the contradictions and conflicts between special interests and common interests of people. Therefore, ideology can be divided into domains at different stages, namely politics, thought and culture, daily life and international communication.