《论语》文本的生成及其早期流布形态

On the Formation and Early Dissemination Mode of the Analects

孔子去世后,七十子之徒开始大规模讲习孔子语录,这一活动有利于孔子言论的汇集。先秦时期《论语》文本是写本与诵本同时并存的。定州简本是据诵本《论语》而形成的抄本,它不仅作为汉代《论语》最早的传本,同时也开启今文系统。也就是说,汉代《论语》传本的今文系统是沿承先秦时期的诵本传统,其发展轨迹是由简本而齐《论》与鲁《论》。古《论》则属于先秦时期的写本。因此,汉代《论语》传本虽不止三《论》,但其它传本难以超越古《论》及由简本衍生的齐《论》、鲁《论》。"张侯论"基于鲁《论》而对齐《论》"择善而从",可看作是向简本的回归。郑玄以《古》校《鲁》,是想融汇写本与诵本,但只选择鲁《论》而遗弃齐《论》,所以难以臻于完满。真正能够融汇写本与诵本而向先秦《论语》祖本回归的是何晏本,它能够集三《论》之长,所以成为今本的直接来源。

The publicization of Confucius＇ teachings of his students after his death helps to collect and compile Confucius＇ sayings. The Analects of the Pre-Qin period has both written and oral versions. The Dingzhoujianben version is a written version based on the oral version of the Analects and is the first edition of the Analects of the Han dynasty. It is believed as the beginning of Jinwen system. Thus, the Analects of the Han dynasty follows the oral version, then evolved into Qilun （the Analects of the Qi Kingdom） and Lulun （the Analects of the Lu Kingdom）. The guwen version of the Analects follows the written version of the Pre-Qin Period. Although there were other versions in the Han dynasty besides those three, hardly can any surpass them. The version of Zhang Hou, mainly based on Qilun with some references from Lulun, follows the tradition of Dingzhoujianben version. ZHENG Xuan proofread Lulun with guwen version as the reference to integrate written version with the oral one. However, he failed to include Qilun, which caused his version＇ s flaws. The version of HE Yan succeeded instead, in that it includes all three versions advantages and finally became the source of the current version.