论《资本论》的逻辑起点

On the Logic Start of "Das Kapital"

《资本论》开篇中的商品货币关系及相应规定,是发达的资本主义商品生产的"一般规定",是从属资本的"一般概念",是资本主义现实生产的虚幻反映。除了批判资本主义现实之外,《资本论》的主要理论任务就是批判资产阶级经济学家和蒲鲁东主义等的抽象思维方式,这样的逻辑起点是理论批判的内在需要。马克思政治经济学方法以资本主义社会这一有机体的商品生产为出发点,依照其思维方式的要求,从抽象上升到具体的科学进程须臾不能离开特定的研究对象,它要求在充分发展的典型具体中抽象出"一般规定",因此,其逻辑起点尽管以反思的方式包含着历史的因素,其真正的起点只能基于资本主义生产。长期以来,人们难以就此达成共识,这与恩格斯的"引导"有一定关系。恩格斯"引导"人们按历史的思路解读《资本论》,这在促进其传播、扩大其影响方面发挥了重大作用,有着重要的实践意义,但也加深了人们关于一些基本理论的分歧。

The relations and the corresponding provisions of commodity and money in the opening of ＂Das Kapital＂ are ＂general provisions＂ of the developed capitalist com- modity production which are subordinate to the ＂general concept＂ of the capital and are illusory reflection of the reality of capitalist production. In addition to the critique of the reality of capitalism, the main task of ＂Das Kapital＂ is to criticize abstract ways of thinking of bourgeois economists and Proudhonism, in which way the logical start is from the internal needs of the theoretical criticism. In Marxist political economic ap- proach, the commodity production of capiitalist society is a starting point; in accordance with his way of thinking, in the scientific process from abstract to concrete, the researc- hing objects cannot be left out, and ＂General Provisions＂ should be abstracted from the typical concrete, therefore, although the logical starting point contains historical fac- tors, it can only be based on the real starting point of capitalist production. It has been difficult to reach a consensus, which is because of Engels ＇ ＂guidance＂ to some extent. Engels ＂guidance＂ helped people interpret ＂Das Kapital＂ in a historical way, which has played a major role in its promotion and spread, and has important practical signifi- cance, but the ＂guidance＂ also deepened some basic theoretical differences among people.