汉语名词物性结构的描写体系和运用案例

On a descriptive system of qualia structure of Chinese nouns and its application in parsing complex Chinese grammatical phenomena

本文首先介绍生成词库论为词项设计的四种语义表达平面(论元结构、事件结构、物性结构、词汇继承结构),着重讨论了其中的物性结构,追溯物性角色的哲学渊源(即亚里士多德的"四因说")。然后,根据汉语名词在文本中基本的组合方式、搭配习惯和语义解释,提出了一种汉语名词物性结构的描写体系,定义了十种物性角色(形式、构成、单位、评价、施成、材料、功用、行为、处置和定位),并且给出名词"水、椅子"的物性结构的描述样例。最后,展示了用名词的物性结构知识来分析汉语复杂的句法、语义现象的五个研究案例(隐含谓词、有价名词、中动句、话题结构、准定语句)。

This paper firstly introduces the four semantic representations of lexicon designed by the Generative Lexicon theory(i.e.,structures of argument,event,qualia,and lexical inheritance),and focuses on the qualia structure and its philosophical source(i.e.,Aristotle's four causes of knowledge).This paper proposes a descriptive system of Chinese noun's qualia structure,which defines ten qualia roles(i.e.,formal,constitutive,unit,evaluation,agentive,material,telic,action,handle,and orientation),according to the noun's compositional manner,collocation practice and semantic interpretation in real texts,and takes shui(水,water) and yizi(椅子,chair) as examples for qualia structure descriptions.It studies the five cases of parsing complex Chinese grammatical phenomena(i.e.,implicit predicates,valence nouns,middle constructions,dangling topic structures,and quasi-attributive constructions) by using the knowledge of qualia structure of nouns.