嵌入与冲突--美国军事制度改革的动力与机制

Embeddedness and Conflict:The Dynamics and Mechanisms of U.S.Military Institution Reforms

考察二战后的历次美国军事制度改革,我们会发现一个有趣的现象:一方面,历次军事制度改革都致力于提升国防部长的权力,同时也促进了参谋长联席会议的权力扩张;另一方面,历次军事制度改革都致力于调整陆军、海军、空军和海军陆战队的组织形态,推动各军种之间的制度融合,加强各军种之间的联合作战。针对这一现象,作者提出一个美国军事制度变迁的"嵌入-冲突"理论,来解释美国二战之后军事制度改革的逻辑。这一理论认为,美国军事制度的变迁是一个不同制度之间彼此嵌入的过程。在横向上,陆军、海军、空军和海军陆战队在制度上不断嵌入;在纵向上,文官和军方在制度上不断嵌入。其中,美国军事制度的变迁是从边缘嵌入到中心嵌入的过程,这一制度嵌入的过程存在着两个社会化的机制,即"再嵌入"机制和权力转移的制度化。作者认为,美国军事制度的嵌入程度主要由国际压力的大小、军事学说的冲突程度和各军种间的竞争程度决定。

Throughout the processes of military institution reforms after World War II,we can find an interesting phenomenon.On the one hand,every reform movement was dedicated to promoting the power of Joint Chiefs of Staff while advancing the power of the United States Secretary of Defense.On the other hand,every reform movement was committed to changing the organizational forms of Army,Navy,Air Force and Marine Corps in order to push forward the integration of institutions and joint operations.To this phenomenon,the author develops an "Embeddedness-Conflict Theory" to explain the logic of U.S.military institution changes.This theory argues that the change of U.S.military institution is a process in which different institutions slowly embedded in each other.On the horizontal dimension,the institutions of Army,Navy,Air Forces and Marine Corps embed and integrate together.On the vertical dimension,the institutions of civilian and military embed and integrate together.According to "Embeddedness-Conflict Theory",the change of U.S.military institution is a process from peripheral embeddedness to central embeddedness.This institutional embeddedness process includes two core socialization mechanisms which are the mechanism of reembeddedness and the mechanism of institutionalization of power transformation.Moreover,the core thesis of the article is that the embeddedness degree of the U.S.military institution depends on the international pressure,military doctrine and inter-service rivalry.