侗族“嘎老”演唱的对歌群体与侗人社会

The Antiphonal Singing Groups of “Al Laox” and the Society of Dong Nationality

南侗"嘎老"演唱传统颇具严格的规定性和对歌准则,并在对歌群体和演唱内容上具有两种不同的形式:一种为婚姻圈内部的婚恋对歌体制,另一种就是村寨联盟的村寨之间的集体"走访"对歌体制。嘎老对歌具有时间、地点、人群的规定性。村寨内部的婚恋对歌体制严格禁止"禁婚圈"内部群体的异性对歌,并强化可婚群体之间的对歌式情感沟通。村寨之间的"走访"对歌体制为地域社会"款"的制度性交往,在于使婚姻"内卷化"的村寨走出封闭,构建盟约型社会。"嘎老"演唱传统与南侗的姓氏符号、婚姻圈、村寨以及村寨联盟等社会组织密切相关,而由"嘎老"的汉译"侗族大歌"一词,则突破嘎老对歌体制,成为民族化现代性叙事,其音乐特征也成为侗族多声部音乐的指称。

The Grand Choirs （ ＂Al Laox＂ ） in the Southern Dong areas traditionally have strict rules and antiphonal sing- ing criteria which can be classified into two types according to their different participants and contents of the antiphonal singing. One type is about dating - and - marriage confined in a marriageable circle, the other is a collective antiphonal - singing activity （ ＂zou - fang＂ ） among the village alliances. The Grand Choirs are strictly prescriptive concerning time, location, and participants. The antiphonal singing about dating -and -marriage inside of the village is exclusive of people who do not belong to the ＂marriageable circle＂ by strengthening the affective communication of antiphonal singing among the marriageable population. The collective antiphonal - singing （ ＂zou - fang＂ ） among villages is a sys- tematic interaction among regional organizations （ ＂kuan＂ ） to make inter - village marriages by going out of the closed circle and building a covenant society. The singing tradition of the Grand Choirs （ ＂Al Laox＂ ） is closely to the symbols of surname, marriage circles, and social organizations such as, villages and village alliances in the Southern Dong are- as. The standard Chinese translation of ＂A1 Laox＂ into ＂the Grand Choirs＂ breaks through the formula of antiphonal singing which becomes a modern national narrative and whose music feature signifies the polyphonic Dong music.