密云水库上游流域生态系统服务功能空间特征及其与居民福祉的关系

Ecosystem services' spatial characteristics and their relationships with residents' well-being in Miyun Reservoir watershed

生态系统管理的一个重要挑战是在区域尺度上管理生态系统服务并提高当地居民福祉。以2009年土地利用数据和社会经济数据为基础,利用InVEST模型和空间制图在乡镇尺度上对密云水库上游流域水资源供给服务、土壤保持服务、水质净化服务、产品供给服务以及居民福祉进行了定量评估和空间特征刻画,并探讨了生态系统服务与居民福祉的不同关系模式。结果表明,流域内各乡镇土壤保持服务从上游到下游呈逐渐递增的趋势,水质净化服务从上游到下游整体上也呈逐渐递增的趋势,流域内水质净化服务功能与水资源供给服务、粮食供给服务、蔬菜供给服务以及畜牧产品供给服务在空间上呈显著负相关;基于生态系统服务与居民福祉在空间上的聚集特征,可将56个乡镇划分为低服务低福祉模式、供给服务依赖模式和高服务高福祉模式,针对这3种关系模式特点,可分别提出改善生态系统服务功能和居民福祉的管理措施。案例研究可为其他区域实施分区管理、协调生态系统服务功能保护与居民福祉的关系提供借鉴。

Understanding the characteristics of spatial coupling of ecosystem services and human well-being is the premise to strengthen ecological system management and then conserve ecosystem services and improve human well-being. The research community, however, mainly focused on the conceptual framework and the large-scale description since United Nations released Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005. This study use the ecosystem services assessment model INVEST （ Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs） to evaluate the special characteristics of water supply service, soil conservation service, water purification service, and provisioning ecosystem services. Specifically, we chose Miyun Reservoir watershed as a typical example, which is of vital importance to regulation of ecosystem services, to evaluate these characteristics such as such as food supply, the supply of livestock products, and the supply of vegetables at township scales in Miyun Reservoir watershed. Then we reveal the spatial characteristics of human wellbeing which utilize the per capita net income of farmers as proxy a indicator, and investigate different patterns of relationships between ecosystem service and human well-being. The results show that： （ 1 ） Ecosystem services appear to be a significant spatial heterogeneity in space in Miyun Reservoir watershed ： watersupply service turns out to first increase and then decrease from upstream to downstream; Both soil conservation service and water purification service show a consistent increasing tendency from upstream to downstream; and provisioning ecosystem services are higher at Chao and Bai river watershed and lower at the intermediate region. （2） The relationship between water purification service and water supply service, provisioning ecosystem services, and agricultural services turns out to be a significant negative correlation （P 〈 0.05）. Agricultural development is a important factor to affect the ecosystem water purification services. （3） The residents＇ well-being shows a significant spatial heterogeneity in space： The rural per capita net income of farmers in Beijing is 4.46 times that in Heibei Province at province scale. And the residents＇ well-being doesn＇t show an apparent agglomeration at township scale. （4） Based on the special agglomeration characteristics of ecosystem services and residents＇ well-being at township scale, the 56 towns appear to contain three spatial coupling patterns： high well-being with high ecosystem services, human wellbeing depending on provisioning ecosystem services （ a dependent pattern ）, and low well-being with low ecosystem services. （5） In order to achieve the win-win objective which can bring about both protect ecosystem services and improve residents＇ well-being, we propose management recommendations as follows： Emphasize to keep regulating services in high well-being with high ecosystem services pattern; Emphasize to keep provisioning ecosystem services in dependent pattern; Emphasize the implementation of ecological compensation policies in low well-being with low ecosystem services pattern. This study provides an insights to relationships between the spatial pattern of ecosystem services and residents＇ well- being, and reveals both the spatial coupled pattern and its characteristics. These findings provide scientific support for district and classification management, while the research methods and train of thought can provide a reference for protecting ecosystem services and simultaneously enhancing the well-being of residents for other basin management.