基于复合生态功能的城市土地共轭生态管理

The conjugate ecological management model for urban land administration based on the land complex ecological function

随着改革开放,我国城市化、工业化进程加速,土地使用量急骤增长,大规模的土地开发在拉动经济、加速城市现代化和农村城镇化方面无疑起到了积极作用,但无序低效的土地扩张给生态安全、粮食安全、社会安定带来的负面影响已经成为国家可持续发展的瓶颈,影响社会的长治久安。传统的土地管理聚焦于土地的数量管理而忽略了土地的生态功能,行政干预过多而市场机制引入不足,土地管理与经济、生态严重脱节。据此,提出基于复合生态功能的城市土地共轭生态管理模式,将土地生态功能聚焦于以下几种:生物质生产功能、建设用地功能、农民生存保障功能以及其它生态服务功能(如涵养水源、土壤保持、调节气候等)。通过从土地的单属性、单目标管理朝土地的多属性、多目标管理转型,从传统的行政管理为主朝以市场机制为主的管理模式转变,从土地的控制性管理朝基于生态功能的调控管理转变,总结出土地共轭管理模式应从以下5个方面着手:1)从土地平面结构的资源管理到土地立体空间的生态管理;2)从土地利用的异地面积占补平衡到就地功能占补平衡;3)从饼状集结用地到轴向糖葫芦串型结构集约和功能优化用地;4)从最严格的土地数量管理到最合理的土地功能管理,实施土地生态经济功能监测与生态资产审计。最后通过对典型生态工程分析,发现其社会、经济、自然复合生态效益远远大于传统土地利用模式。

The process of Chinese urbanization and industrialization is accelerating rapidly with the reform and open to the outside world policy, which .resulted in a huge consumption of the land. But the disorder and inefficient land development policy now has brought about negative effects, which being a menace to the sustainable development of the country, threaten the ecological security, food security and social stability. The above things are mainly about our current land management model. Since the founding of the people＇s Republic of China, the urban land management agencies and their functions are changing constantly under the planned economy which leaded to a single administrative leadership land management model. Recently, some scholars, experts and officials presented that ： our land management model should be changed from resource management to assets management. Some researchers pointed out that the three main methods of American city land management should be adopted： administrative districts, the market mechanism and planning and the city land reserve andtransfer system. The traditional land management systems focus on the quantity of the land, but the function being neglected, what＇s more, administrative intervention too much and lack of market mechanism which leaded to the divorce between land management and economic, ecological. Which resulted in some problems in our land management, like weighs quantity lights quality, weighs structure lights functions, weighs results lights processes, weights physical form lights ecological, weights interception lights regulation. The ecological essence of above things lead to landscape fragmentation, soil compaction, pollution retention, ecological depletion, short sighted behavior and poor information. The crux of the land management problem is the unbalance between the needs of society-economy and the ecological carrying capacity of the regional area; the paradox between the natural ecological footprint and the ecological services of green space; the uncoordinated management relationship between urban and suburban areas, agriculture and industry, the built up area and non-built up area. And, the development behavior is mainly mass investment from external mandatory and the dominant enlarge model is export-oriented land development, which lead to the weakness of internal self-organization and regulating function. According to these problems mentioned above, the article proposed a conjugate ecological management model for urban land administration based on the land complex ecological function, which divided the land function into four categories： biomass production function, support for land construction, provide security for farmer subsistence and the other functions like water conservation, soil conservation, climatic regulation and so on）. Then three ways of mechanism transformation were put forward： the land management systems should altered from single-attribute and simple target to multi-attribute and multi-target; changing into market mechanism from administrative management; giving priority to the regulation and management system based upon land ecological function. Then, we concluded that the conjugate ecological management model should comprise the following five aspects ： 1 ） changing from the resource management of the land plane structure to the ecological management of the land stereo space; 2） keeping requisition-compensation balance within the development area according to the ecological function, but not in terms of land area which in different locations ; 3 ） the land development should in accordance with the structure and function optimization followed a sugar-coated berry string type, but not expands like standing pancake. 4） altering from the most strict land quantity management to the most reasonable land function management, and taking the land ecological-economic function monitoring and audit into practice. Finally, a typical ecological engineering was being analyzed, which proved that the social, economic and environmental complex ecological effects were more than the traditional land use model.