欧洲哲学从“知识论”到“存在论”的“转向”

Shift of European Philosophy from “Theory of Knowledge” to “Ontology”

在古希腊以来的欧洲哲学传统中,"存在论"和"知识论"是统一的,但"存在论-本体论"始终是欧洲哲学的难题;这种局面因康德的"本体不可知"有所扭转,发生了"存在论"向"知识论"的转向,但因限制"知识"在"感觉经验"范围内而未能彻底完成。黑格尔接续康德的工作,以"思辨概念"建构"绝对哲学",以"知识论"涵盖"存在论",彻底完成了"知识论转向",但造成了传统"存在论"被"知识论"吞噬的结果。克尔凯郭尔立足欧洲哲学传统,通过"瞬间"概念,把黑格尔概念式的"存在"再次拉回到"时间"中,使"存在"成为"本体论-存在论"意义上的"存在",开启了当代欧洲哲学"回到""本体"、"回到""存在自身"的道路。这个从"知识论"向"存在论"的"转变"不是简单地从"理性世界"回归到"感觉世界",而是从深层次上向巴门尼德问题的回归。

In the European philosophical tradition since ancient Greece, ＂ontology＂ and ＂the theory of knowledge＂ have been in unified existence, yet the ＂existential-ontological＂issue has remained a difficult problem in European philosophy. This situation was changed because of Kant＇s ＂unknowable entity＂, in a shift from ＂ontology＂ to the ＂Theory of Knowl- edge＂. However, due to the limitation of the ＂knowledge＂ within ＂tangible experience＂, the shift has not been completed. Hegel continued Kant＇ work to construct ＂absolute philosophy＂ with ＂dialectic concept＂, to cover ＂ontology＂ with ＂Theory of Knowledge＂, and to complete the epistemological shift. However,this process led to the consequence in which the traditional ＂ontological theory＂was overshadowed by the ＂Theory of Knowledge＂. Kierkegaard proceeded from the European philosoph- ical tradition, and used the concept of ＂transience＂ to bring the Hegelian concept of ＂existence＂ back into ＂time＂, allowing ＂existence＂ to be ＂ontological-existential＂ existence, which paved the road for the contemporary European philosophy to re- turn to ontology and return to existence itself. This shift the ＂Theory of Knowledge ＂ to＇ontology＇is not simply turning from the ＂rational world＂ to the ＂tangible world＂, but a more profound return towards the Parmenides issue.