牛羊布鲁菌病(brucellosis)的诊断方法

Diagnostic Method of Brucellosis in Cattle and Sheep

布鲁菌病是一类由各型布鲁菌感染而引起的重要的人畜共患病之一。被感染的动物最常见的临床表现为流产、胎盘炎、附睾炎、睾丸炎等。人感染布鲁菌病后,多呈慢性经过,可损害人体多种器官。虽然病原学鉴定是一种常规有效的诊断布鲁菌病的方法之一,但由于其对操作人员安全以及实验室级别的要求非常严格,加之从患病动物体内分离病原体的过程既耗时又具有危险性,在布鲁菌病临床诊断实践中推广应用困难。布鲁菌病血清学诊断方法显示出较高的特异性和敏感性,但难以鉴别布鲁菌各型野毒株以及疫苗株感染。鉴于上述问题,深入开发和研制更高特异性、敏感性和稳定性的新型布鲁菌病诊断方法在兽医临床实践中势在必行。主要从细菌学、血清学和分子生物学等方面对布鲁菌病诊断方法研究情况进行了综述,以期为相关研究提供参考。

Brucellosis was one of the important zoonosis caused by different kinds of Brucella spp. The most common clinical manifestations of the infected animals were abortion,placentitis,epididymitis and orchitis. In human being,brucellosis was a debilitating and chronic disease, which could injure a variety of organs. Although etiology identification was a conventional and effective diagnosis method, but it was strict with personal safety and requirements of laboratory. The process of isolating pathogen from infected animal was time-consuming and hazardous,so it was difficult to be popularized in the clinical diagnosis of brucellosis. The serological diagnosis method showed good specificity and sensibility,but it was hard to identify various wild strains and the infection of vaccine strain. In view of the above factors, it was necessary to in-depth develop new diagnosis method of brucellosis with better specificity, sensibility and stability in the veterinary clinical practice. The diagnosis methods of brucellosis were reviewed from the bacteriological, serological and molecular biology aspects, so as to provide references for the related studies.