Beetle forewings:Epitome of the optimal design for lightweight composite materials

Based on studies of the forewings of two beetles,Allomyrina dichotoma and Prosopocoilus inclinatus,this paper reviews and identifies the potential benefits of studying the structure of the beetle forewing and the associated development of lightweight biomimetic composite materials.The forewings of both beetle species consist of an integrated border frame structure and a large center part with distributed trabe-cular supports in the hollow core.The forewings of the male A.dichotoma are constructed to reflect a lightweight honeycomb design.However,the forewings of P.inclinatus are a durable structure.The bio-logical significance of these structures is also discussed.This work proposes an integrated honeycomb structure inspired by the beetle forewing.A series of biological models are also proposed for lightweight integrated honeycomb structures and durable sandwich structures with a trabecular core,which are intended to establish a new direction in the development of biomimetic composite materials.