政治哲学史中“市民社会”概念之嬗变——从卢梭到马克思的辩证思维发展历程

The Evolvement of the Conception of Civil Society Within the History of Political Philosophy: the Development of Dialectic Theories from Jean- Jacques Rousseau to Karl Marx

卢梭通过布尔乔亚批判地界定了市民社会概念,对即将出场的资本主义社会进行了古典主义的批判运用,这是辩证法在政治哲学史中预见性的、非自觉的运用。在黑格尔的政治哲学理论中,以自由为伦理基础的市民社会概念最终通过辩证法的自觉运用被置入了历史主义体系中。黑格尔的市民社会概念中统一了革命性与抽象性的辩证法,最终使得市民社会跨越物质自由与伦理自由成为可能。市民社会本质的此岸性,以及市民社会与国家之间的现实关系最终随着马克思对辩证法的彻底运用而被揭示,即在历史唯物主义理论中被把握为论证人类从异化现实解放的历史环境与物质基础。

The definition of civil society was defined by Rousseau＇s criticism on bourgeois accidentally, howev- er, which unconsciously opened an era of the critique towards the coming capitalist society as well as the usage of dialectics. In Hegel＇s historicist system, the definition of civil society was put on the basis of the liberty of ethic, through the unification of revolutionary dimension and abstract dimension of the civil society, done by the dialectics. This sideness or reality of the essence of civil society, along with its facto relation with the state, was revealed and demonstrated by Karl Marx＇s thorough utilization of dialectics in his historical materialist theory, also by which, the definition of civil society was finally grasped as the historical and material objec- tive conditions for the liberation from the alienation facts.