摘要
虽然大力发展绿色就业已成为国际社会的共识,但关于绿色就业的理论内涵仍缺乏清晰界定。本文通过跟踪国际和国内研究对绿色就业的定义与内涵,认为绿色就业是对传统增长理论的修正和完善。具体而言,绿色就业是对环境具有正向效应,能促进能源节约与污染减少的工作,其单位产出的污染物影响及负荷较小,同时这些绿色岗位能够提供体面的工作。本文指出绿色就业的内涵丰富,需从环境维度、社会维度和经济维度来理解:在环境维度方面,绿色就业必须是环境友好型的、环境可持续、节约资源的就业;在社会维度方面,绿色就业必须是体面的工作,能够为劳动力提供有保障有尊严的岗位;在经济维度方面,绿色就业必须是有高附加值的、能够创造收益的就业。对绿色就业的确认要从直接度量、全生命周期度量、边际度量和性质度量四个方面把握。在此分析框架下,绿色就业可分为原生绿色就业、过程绿色就业、终端绿色就业三种类型。原生绿色就业指的是本来对环境有利、节约能源的就业,如传统农业、城市绿化、可再生能源的利用、清洁能源技术等。过程绿色就业指的是在生产过程中通过提高能效、减少碳排放改善生产过程的就业,涵盖了制造业中的大部分岗位。终端绿色就业指的是废物回收、生态修复等一系列针对环境恶化所采取的补救措施而产生的岗位。中国已经初步构建起绿色就业发展的框架,但直接激励措施仍不到位。发挥政府主导作用,强化直接激励措施和加强绿色技能的培训是启动中国绿色就业市场的努力方向。
The international community has reached a consensus on developing green job vigorously, but there are still no clear theoretical definitions about green job. Through tracing international and domestic research on definition and connotation of green job, this paper regards that green job has revised and improved the traditional growth theory. Specifically, green job refers to those that have a positive effect on environment, promote energy conservation and pollution reduction, have small impact and pollutant load per unit of output, and provide decent work. This paper points out that green job has a rich connotation, and we need to understand this concept from environmental dimension, social dimension and economic dimension. In the environmental dimension, green job must be environmentally friendly, environmentally sustainable and resource-saving; in the social dimension, green job must be decent work, be able to provide protection and dignity for labors; in the economic dimension, green job must be high value-added and create gainful employment. The recognition of green job needs to be grasped from direct measurement, full life cycle measurement, marginal measurement and nature measurement. Under this analysis framework, green job can be classified to three types, which Primarily Green Job, Progressive Green Job and End of Pipe Green Job Primarily Green Job refers to those natively have positive impact on environment and promote energy conservation, such as traditional agriculture, urban afforestation, utilization of renewable energy resources and clean energy technologies. Primarily Green Job refers to those can improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emission during the production process, which covers the majority employment of manufacturing. End of Pipe Green Job refers to those can remedy environment degradation, such as waste recycling and ecological restoration. China has initially built up a framework for development of green job, but there still lacks direct incentives. In the future endeavors of developing China' s green job market, the government should play a leading role, strengthen direct incentives and enhance the training on green skills.
出处
《中国人口·资源与环境》
CSSCI
北大核心
2014年第1期21-27,共7页
China Population,Resources and Environment
基金
国家科技支撑计划子课题"促进低碳经济发展的能源
财税与贸易政策研究"(编号:2009BAC62B01-04)
关键词
绿色就业
原生绿色
过程绿色
终端绿色
green job
primarily green job
progressive green job
end of pipe green job