清华简《系年》三晋伐齐考

A Textual Research on San-Jin's(三晋)Expedition against Qi State Recorded in the Qinghua Bamboo Slips

晋伐齐是战国早期重大历史事件之一,对战国七雄并立形势的形成曾产生过重要影响。近年公布的清华简《系年》,为重新认识这一历史事件提供了宝贵材料。清华简《系年》与传世文献的相关材料表明:三晋伐齐的直接导因是齐项子牛之祸。项子牛之祸,可能是田和与项子牛联手谋害田悼子而引发的内乱。三晋利用齐国内乱,联合伐齐,攻入齐国长城。三晋伐齐后,先强迫齐康公入晋军会盟,又于公元前403年会同齐康公前往朝见周威烈王,正式获得了天子的策命。清华简《系年》表明,三晋称侯在前,命侯在后,三晋经历了一番激烈的军事和外交斗争,其国家政权的独立性才被周天子和列国所认可。

San-Jin＇s expedition against Qi （齐）was a major event in early Warring States, which had significant influence on the formation of co-existence of seven powers in Warring States. The recently issued Qinghua bamboo slips ＂Xinian （系年）＂ provides some valuable materials for understanding this historical event afresh.The materials of Qinghua bamboo slips ＂Xinian＂and the literatures handed down from ancient times show：The immediate cause of San-Jin＇s expedition against Qi was the misfortune of Xiang Ziniu.The misfortune of Xiang Ziniu might be a civil strife caused by the murder towards Tian Dao-zi implemented by Tian-he and Xiang Ziniu jointly. Taking the opportunity San-jin sended a punitive expedition agains Qi and captured the Great Wall of Qi.After the war San-jin forced Duke Kang of Qi to attend the meeting in Jin army. In 403 B.C. San-jin went to meet King Wei Lie of Zhou together with Duke Kang of Qi and acquired formal appointment.The Qinghua Bamboo Slips ＂Xinian＂ showed that San-jin had already claimed to be vassals before the formal appointment.The independence of the state power of San-jin was recognized by King Zhou after a fierce military and diplomatic struggl