非还原个体主义的论证困境——为不可还原性与下向因果关系的辩护

Dilemma of Nonreductive Individualism: A Defense of Irreducibility and Downward Causation

R.Keith Sawyer提出非还原个体主义并利用Fodor的多重实现和狂野析取论证为不可还原性和下向因果关系辩护,但遇到了论证困难。Fodor的论证无法排除社会性质到个体性质的部分可还原或局部可还原的可能性,而且其论证本身主要是论证了特殊科学的自主性,并不足以证明下向因果关系。导致非还原个体主义论证困难的主要原因是:第一,对依随关系解释模型的过分依赖。第二,心物关系与社会——个体关系未必是平衡的,把非还原物理主义完全移植到社会领域作的论证尚缺解释力。第三,缺乏对社会性质的下向因果的解释模型。因此,提出可能的解决方案:放弃依随关系的静态模型而采用动力学模型;修正认识论上的强突现观点;对社会性质的下向因果论证必须分清三个层次和三种因果关系。

R.Keith Sawyer presents nonreductive individualism and relies on Fedor＇s consideration of multiple realization and wild disjunction to de fend irreducibility and downward causation, but his justification encountered difficulties. Fodor＇s argument can not exclude the possibility of partially reduction of social property to individual property. Further more, Fodor＇s argument mainly demonstrated the autonomy of special science but is not sufficient to dfefend downward causation. The main reasons for the difficulties result in the argument of nonreductive individualism are： first, overde pendence on supervenience explaining model. Second, since the relationship between mindbody and society individual may not be balanced, it is lack of explanatory power to fully transplant nonreductive physicalism to social field. Third, it is lack of an explaining model for the downward causa tion of social property. Accordingly, this paper presents possible solutions： give up the static model of supervenience and accept dynamic models; give up epistemologically strong emergence and accept epistemologically weak emergence; it is necessary to distinguish three levels and three causal rela tionships to justify downward causation of social property.