始封在庙与徙封在社:西周封建的仪式问题

Miao or She:A Discussion about the Place in Feudal Ceremonies In Western Zhou Dynasty

西周封国封建仪式举行的地点,传统上多认为在"庙"中。但宜侯簋铭文等金文材料中却记载册命仪式的地点是"社"。西周封建诸侯有两种情况,一种为始封,一种为徙封。始封的仪式在庙中举行,徙封的仪式在社中举行。始封仪式重在使受封者获得诸侯这种高级贵族身份,而徙封则是改换诸侯封地,使其统治新获土地。始封强调爵命,徙封强调城邑土地。庙、社亦分主阳、阴,所以文献中就看到"始封在社"和"徙封在庙"两种情况。

In Western Zhou Dynasty, states were believed to hold the feudal ceremonies at places that was used to worship the ancestors （Miao）. However, the inscriptions on Yihoucegui showed that it was held at the places which offered sacrifice to the land （She）. After analyzing, people may know that it was divided into the founding of enfeoffed states and the transferring of enfeoffed states： the former was held in Miao and the later was in She. Meanwhile, the former highlighted the nobility and lordship of the dukes or princes under the emperor and the latter emphasized the new land that was under control. The former that symbolizeed Yang placed emphasis on the rank of nobility but the latter that signifieed Yin on land which could well explain the aforesaid cases.