基于减少土壤硝态氮淋失的作物搭配种植模式研究进展

Research progress on collocation planting of crops for decreasing the loss of soil nitrate nitrogen through leaching

农业生产中为获得较高作物产量而投入大量的化学肥料,同时不合理的田间管理措施使硝态氮在土壤中大量累积,增加了淋溶风险。不同作物搭配生长及种植模式在协同提高作物产量、充分利用光热资源、提高集约化生产能力方面是一种有效的栽培措施,同时在高效利用土壤养分、改善生态环境、降低硝态氮污染方面具有很大潜力。本文从不同类型作物搭配生长及不同种植模式(设施蔬菜与填闲作物、粮食作物与经济作物、粮食作物与粮食作物、粮食作物与露地蔬菜、蔬菜与蔬菜)方面综述了高效利用土壤氮素、降低土壤硝态氮累积与淋失的效果,并根据不同类型作物特点进行了机理上的解释。文末以搭配作物根系为突破点对作物种植模式进行了研究展望。

In order to obtain the higher crop yield, the more fertilizers were applied to the soil. At the same time, unreasonable field management measures cause massive nitrate nitrogen accumulation in soil, which leads to a risk to the ground water due to N leaching. Collocation planting of different types of crops is one of the effective cultivation strategies to increase crops yield and improve utilization of photo-thermal resources, and simultaneously reduce soil nitrate nitrogen loss through enhancing soil nutrient use efficiency. Collocation planting patterns of different types of crops （such as facility vegetables and catch crops, grain crops and economic crops, grain crops and grain crops, grain crops and outdoor vegetables, vegetables and vegetables） were introduced in this paper. And, the effects of different collocation planting patterns on soil N utilization, reduction of accumulation and leachate of soil nitrate nitrogen were discussed too. The mechanisms were explained from the characteristics of different crops. Finally, some research prospects in the future were put forward on the planting patterns. It was suggested that studies on root system of collocation planted crops was the breakthrough point.