地震灾区的卫生防疫工作管理与实施

Management and implementation on health and epidemic prevention of earthquake-stricken areas

玉树地震导致玉树藏族自治州2 698人和5.8万多头牲畜死亡,270人失踪,1.1万多人受伤,其中重伤3 100多人,受灾面积达2万多km2,当地还是鼠疫疫源地,存在较大疫情风险。玉树平均海拔4 000 m以上,地震极重灾区结古镇海拔3 700多m,空气含氧量低,只有海平面的65%左右,气候干燥寒冷,昼夜温差大,极易产生高原反应,高寒缺氧,给卫生防疫工作带来严峻挑战。作者主要基于兰州总医院医疗队员在青海玉树的工作经验,同时吸取了汶川地震等以往地震的经验和教训,对震后医疗卫生工作中的环境卫生、食品和饮用水卫生、卫生防疫等内容进行了较深入的探讨与研究,并为提升我国应对灾害的医疗卫生应急保障能力提出建议。

Yushu earthquake caused 2 698 people and 58 000 animals deaths in Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, 270 people are missing, more than 11 000 people are injured. Among the injured, more than 3 100 people are severe. The affected area are more than 20 000 kmz. The local area is plague foci, which means a big risk of epidemic exists. The average altitude of Yushu is above 4000 meters. The altitude of the serious earthquake-stricken area Jiegu Town is above 3 700 m, with low oxygen content in the air （ only 65 % of sea level }, dry and cold climate, large temperature difference between day and night, extremely easy to gen- erate plateau response, alpine hypoxia, which bring challenges to health and epidemic prevention work. This paper mainly absorbs work experience of medical corps in Qinghai earthquake disaster areas who have come from Lanzhou General Hospital, and the seis- mic experiences and lessons from Wenchuan and other earthquakes. An in-depth discussion and research is made on environmental health, food and drinking water sanitation, health and epidemic prevention of medical and health work after the earthquake , so as to put forward suggestions for enhancing our support capacity of the disaster health emergency response.