1902-1931年间达尔罕旗放垦中的贵族纠纷

Disputes among Nobles in Movements of Land Reclamation of Daerhan Banner from 1902 to 1931

1907-1931年间,内蒙古哲里木盟达尔罕旗经历了7次放垦,贵族因争夺土地权益而起的纠纷不断出现。其原因主要包括三个方面:清廷对蒙地的"大放垦、小禁垦"政策给私垦足够的发展空间,却未尝试建立有效的管理机制;该旗未垦荒地较多却又缺乏有力的领导者;清末新政期间开始官放,民国初期也将垦权下放到蒙古贵族手中,极大地鼓励了蒙古贵族积极追求农业利益,垦务政策的转变成为达尔罕旗贵族纠纷表面化、白热化的关键转折点。贵族围绕放垦的纠纷经历了表面化、白热化、持续扩大与深化四个阶段。清廷在20世纪初期推行蒙地放垦政策之后,贵族之间的纠纷由明争暗斗变为公开的利益争夺。民国初年,贵族开始动用武力来解决垦务纠纷。此后,贵族的争夺转向了熟地乃至剩余的牧场,影响到下层民众的生计和游牧经济的存续。实际上,在1939年伪满政府实行"蒙地奉上"政策之前,蒙古贵族掌握着蒙地的管辖权和收益权,并成为推动蒙地放垦的重要力量。

From 1902 to 1931,the Daerhan Banner of Jerim League in Inner Mongolia has gone through 7 movements of land reclamation,and there were fierce land disputes among nobles for the lack of effective management mechanism as well as talented leaders. During the early years of the Republic of China,the nobles began to resort to force to settle their disputes over reclamation.