从宏观政治意识到微观政治的泛化——再议西方马克思主义文化批评的两个阶段

From Macro-political Consciousness to Micro-political Generalization: A Further Discussion of the Two Stages of Western Marxist Cultural Criticism

文化研究与西方马克思主义的意识形态批判直接相关,但早期文化研究主要关注阶级意识形态和现实斗争的文化领导权问题,体现出明显的宏观政治特征;从法国马克思主义思潮开始的后期文化批评则结合了西方文化的自检传统,把政治微观化和泛化到了几乎一切文化领域。后期文化批评虽然在很大程度上延续了早期的意识形态批评精神,但由于对无主体性和反本质主义的强调,因此阻碍了反抗性力量的凝结,最终使文化批评在实践上具有浓厚的乌托邦色彩。

Cultural study as an academic trend has a direct relationship with Marxist critique of ideology.At its earliest stage,it embodied the attributes of macro-politics,mainly concerned with the class ideology and the cultural hegemony in social struggle.Since the start of French Marxism,however,later cultural criticism was concerned with the micro-politics in almost all the fields of culture.Although it also insisted on the spirit of ideological criticism at the earlier stage,it became the hindrance to the formation of resistant forces for laying stress on anti-essentialism and no-subjectivity,which led cultural criticism to the strong characteristics of utopia.